Architecture

The house is mostly hidden from the street. It is behind a stone wall at the edge of a crest in Johnson's estate overlooking a pond. Grass and gravel strips lead toward the building. The house is 56 feet (17 m) long, 32 feet (9.8 m) wide and 10.5 feet (3.2 m) high. The kitchen, dining and sleeping areas were all in one glass-enclosed room, which Johnson initially lived in, together with the brick guest house. Later, the glass-walled building was used only for entertaining. The exterior sides of the Glass House utilize charcoal-painted steel and glass. The brick floor is 10 inches above the ground. The interior is open with the space divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor-to-ceiling.

The house builds on ideas of German architects from the 1920s ("Glasarchitektur"). In a house of glass, the views of the landscape are its "wallpaper" ("I have very expensive wallpaper," Johnson once said.) Johnson was also inspired by the design of Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House. The Glass House contains a collection of Bauhaus items including furniture designed by Mies.

Johnson is quoted as saying that his idea for Glass House grew from "a burnt wooden village I saw once where nothing was left but foundations and chimneys of brick." Mark Lamster, in his biography of Johnson The Man in the Glass House, notes that this was plausibly Johnson's attempt to "intentionally re-create the 'stirring spectacle' that was the burning of Jewish shtetls he had witnessed driving through Poland with the Wehrmacht". Historian Anthony Vidler went further stating that the Glass House could be read as "a Polish farmhouse 'purified' by the fire of war of everything but its architectural 'essence'."

The pastoral landscape surrounding the buildings was designed by Johnson and Whitney, with manicured areas of gravel or grass, trees grouped in what Johnson called outdoor "vestibules", and with care taken in the shape of the slopes and curves of the ground. In part, the landscape was a reflection of a landscape painting, The Funeral of Phocion by School of Nicolas Poussin (circa 1648) placed in a seating area of Glass House. The view through the glass walls to the landscaped grounds was strikingly similar, as Johnson designed it to resemble Poussin's picture. The estate overlooks the valley of the small Rippowam River to the west (seen from the back of Glass House, past a grassy rise). To the north and south are sloping scenery that particularly mimic the painting. Johnson spent three years designing the structure, which was originally one of two buildings (along with the brick guest house) on what was then an 11-acre (45,000 m²) tract.

The Glass House resulted in recognition for Johnson, not just in architectural circles, but also among the public at large. The house was featured in Life magazine, and the New York Times Magazine published a set of cartoons about it. "What really sets Johnson apart..." Michael Sorkin wrote in 1978, "is his aptitude for publicity." The Glass House "established Johnson as the titular leader" of Modernist style in 1949. "If it was Mies van der Rohe who provided the real inspiration for the Glass House..." it was only Johnson who could have built the house and lived in it himself. Johnson's career began when he turned himself into the Man in the Glass House. In an instant, he became the austere apostle for modern architecture—or rather the modern apostle for austere architecture." As Life magazine put it in 1949: "Except when entertaining, Johnson lives alone, servant-less and accompanied only by weather, paintings and books."

The building created such a stir that at one point a police officer was posted nearby to keep out trespassers, and Johnson put up a sign near the street, stating: "This House Is Now Occupied Please Respect the Privacy of the Owner. It will be Open to the Public on specified days." New York Times architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff wrote in 2007 that Glass House was "once one of the most famous houses in the United States... its celebrity may have done more to make Modernism palatable to the country's social elites than any other structure of the 20th century."

The home also created a stir for Mies van der Rohe, who "stormed out in a huff when he saw it", Ouroussoff wrote. Obviously derived from Mies's Farnsworth House, the fact that it was finished earlier could easily have made the German architect wonder whether others would get the impression that Johnson had instead done pioneering work for Mies, and it could be seen that "Johnson's vision lacked the intellectual rigor and exquisite detailing that were so critical to Mies's genius", according to Ouroussoff.

As a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, Johnson had publicized Mies' work, and the American acknowledged his debt to the German architect, particularly in a 1950 interview in Architectural Digest magazine. Even though Johnson's building was completed a year before Mies's glass house, Johnson's building "was universally viewed as having been derived from it", according to Alice T. Friedman. Johnson curated an exhibit of Mies work at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, featuring a model of the glass Farnsworth House.

Before beginning his architectural career, from 1934 Johnson was a follower of the radical populist Louisiana Governor Huey Long, and, then, after Long was assassinated, of Father Charles Coughlin, an extreme anti-Semitic priest who detested President Roosevelt. Johnson became a correspondent of Coughlin's newspaper. During his trips to Germany, Johnson wrote a positive review of Mein Kampf, submitted articles where he decried the "decline in fertility... of the white race", described his visits to Hitler Youth camps, and gave favorable coverage of the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939. Johnson Ian Volner wrote in his biography of Johnson that when being associated with Nazism was no longer advantageous for the architect he was able to "cover his tracks, burning the bulk of his incriminating letters and articles in the brick-clad fireplace of his landmark Glass House." In 1940, with the war looming, Johnson abruptly abandoned journalism and fascism, and entered architecture school. He was investigated by the FBI for his earlier contacts with the Nazis, was eventually cleared for military service, and served in the Army until the end of the War. For many Yale University architecture students, it was considered a rite of passage for decades after the house was built to sneak onto the property and see how long they could walk around until Whitney discovered them and told them to leave.

After Johnson

Johnson wanted to preserve his estate as a public monument "with the aim of cementing his legacy", even building Da Monsta as a visitors pavilion, according to architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff (although after Johnson's death, National Trust officials decided instead to build a Visitor Center in downtown New Canaan). The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. The house was the place of Philip Johnson's passing on January 25, 2005, at the age of 98. Whitney, his partner, died later the same year and left a bequest to support programming and maintenance of the site. Johnson passed on ownership of the Glass House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which opened it to visitors in April 2007. The trust expanded the size of the property, buying adjacent lots which extended it to 200 acres (0.81 km²). When the Glass House estate first opened for public tours in 2007, tickets sold out quickly. By July 2010, 15,000 visitors had taken the tour. The Brick House, the guesthouse next to the Glass House, was closed in 2008 and underwent a $1.8 million renovation starting in 2023. The Brick House reopened in May 2024.